新南威尔士东北海岸的邦贾隆（Bundjalung）人，是历史记载中最早使用茶树（Melaleuca alternifolia）叶片的族群。传统用法包括加热叶片吸入蒸汽以缓解咳嗽感冒，以及捣碎叶片外敷伤口消毒，是丛林药方知识体系中流传至今、最广为人知的一例。

The Bundjalung people of the northeastern coast of New South Wales are, according to historical records, the first to use the leaves of the tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia). Traditional uses include heating the leaves and inhaling the steam to relieve coughs and colds, and crushing the leaves to apply to wounds as an antiseptic — one of the best-known examples of Bush Medicine knowledge still recognized today.

二十世纪二十年代，澳大利亚化学家亚瑟·彭福尔德（Arthur Penfold）通过实验首次对这一传统用法进行了科学记录，证实茶树油具有显著的抗菌效力，成为丛林药方知识走向现代科学视野的早期例证之一。1930年，《澳大利亚医学期刊》（Medical Journal of Australia）也刊载了相关报道。

In the 1920s, Australian chemist Arthur Penfold scientifically documented this traditional use for the first time through experiments, confirming the tea tree oil's significant antibacterial potency — one of the early instances of Bush Medicine knowledge entering the view of modern science. In 1930, the Medical Journal of Australia also published a related report.

桉树（Eucalyptus）是澳大利亚原住民最广泛使用的丛林药方之一，昆士兰地区的学术调查记录中，桉树属内至少七个物种被用于医疗用途。原住民传统上会加热桉树叶片吸入蒸汽，用于缓解咳嗽、发热与畏寒等呼吸道不适症状，也会将叶片捣碎浸泡后用于身体疼痛的外敷。新南威尔士南部的达拉瓦尔（Dharawal）人，尤其看重桉树的抗炎功效，将其与其他药用植物配合使用。

Eucalyptus is one of the most widely used Bush Medicines among Aboriginal Australians; academic surveys in Queensland record at least seven Eucalyptus species used medicinally. Traditionally, leaves were heated and the steam inhaled to relieve coughs, fevers, and chills, while crushed and soaked leaves were applied externally for body pain. The Dharawal people of southern New South Wales especially valued eucalyptus for its anti-inflammatory properties, often combining it with other medicinal plants.

这一传统用法后来被现代化学工业验证并广泛应用——桉树精油如今是漱口水、止咳含片等日常保健用品中的常见成分，是丛林药方知识转化为现代产品的典型例证之一。

This traditional use was later validated and widely adopted by modern chemical industry — eucalyptus oil is now a common ingredient in mouthwash, cough lozenges, and other everyday health products, making it a typical example of Bush Medicine knowledge translated into modern products.

金合欢（Acacia pycnantha）自1988年起被正式定为澳大利亚国花，是这片大陆最具代表性的植物之一。金合欢属（Acacia）植物在原住民传统医药中应用广泛——树皮传统上用于煎煮汤汁，为风湿关节部位淋洗沐浴，或作温和的镇静剂内服，用于缓解风湿痛与消化不适。

Golden Wattle (Acacia pycnantha) was officially declared Australia's national flower in 1988, one of the continent's most iconic plants. Acacia species have wide traditional medicinal use among Aboriginal peoples — bark was traditionally boiled into a decoction used to bathe rheumatic joints, or taken internally as a mild sedative to relieve rheumatism and indigestion.

学者约翰·彭（J. Pearn）1993年发表的研究系统记录了欧洲移民与原住民对金合欢属植物医药用途的交流历史，是较早对这一传统知识进行学术梳理的文献之一。

A 1993 study by scholar J. Pearn systematically documented the exchange of knowledge between European settlers and Aboriginal Australians regarding the medicinal uses of Acacia species — one of the earlier academic accounts of this traditional knowledge.

鸸鹋树（Eremophila longifolia，英文俗名"Emu Bush"）是中澳大利亚腹地原住民最重视的传统药用植物之一，在当地被称为"Irmangka Irmangka"。原住民传统上用其枝叶治疗关节炎、肌肉与关节疼痛，以及感冒与流感症状，也会将枝叶投入烟熏仪式中，用于安神助眠。

Emu Bush (Eremophila longifolia) is one of the most valued traditional medicinal plants among Aboriginal peoples of Central Australia, locally known as "Irmangka Irmangka." Traditionally, its leaves and branches were used to treat arthritis, muscle and joint pain, and cold and flu symptoms, and were also burned in smoking ceremonies for calming and sleep aid.

现代植物化学研究显示，鸸鹋树叶片中的精油成分在部分分解（热解）后，可能产生具有生物活性的化合物，这为其传统解热镇痛用途提供了初步的化学层面解释，相关机制仍在持续研究中。

Modern phytochemical research suggests that essential oil compounds in Emu Bush leaves may produce bioactive compounds after partial pyrolysis, offering a preliminary chemical explanation for its traditional analgesic and antipyretic uses, with the underlying mechanisms still under study.

河岸薄荷（Mentha australis，亦称"原生薄荷"）传统上以煎煮汤汁的方式治疗感冒与咳嗽，原住民也会吸入捣碎叶片散发的气味来缓解头痛。除药用价值外，河岸薄荷同时是原住民日常饮食中常见的调味植物，兼具驱虫功效，是丛林药方中少数兼具食用与药用双重身份的代表性物种。

River Mint (Mentha australis), also known as native mint, was traditionally used as a decoction to treat colds and coughs, while inhaling the scent of crushed leaves was used to relieve headaches. Beyond its medicinal value, river mint is also a common flavouring plant in Aboriginal daily diet and serves as an insect repellent — a representative species that carries both food and medicinal identities within Bush Medicine.

2016年一项发表于《食品化学》期刊的研究，对澳大利亚多种原生薄荷属植物中的酚类化合物进行了系统鉴定与量化分析，为这一传统用法的抗氧化、抗菌潜力提供了现代化学证据。

A 2016 study published in Food Chemistry systematically identified and quantified phenolic compounds in several Australian native mint species, providing modern chemical evidence for the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential underlying this traditional use.

袋鼠茄（Kangaroo Apple）是维多利亚州多个原住民族群传统上兼作食物与药物的植物，成熟果实可食用，叶片与果实则被捣碎制成敷剂，用于处理肿胀关节、皮肤疱疹与其他外伤。这种"食药同源"的运用方式，与中医药"药食同源"的理念有着有趣的跨文化呼应。

Kangaroo Apple was traditionally used as both food and medicine by several Aboriginal groups in Victoria — its ripe fruit is edible, while the leaves and fruit were crushed into a poultice to treat swollen joints, skin sores, and other wounds. This dual identity as both food and medicine offers an intriguing cross-cultural echo of the Chinese medicine concept of "food as medicine."

袋鼠茄同时是现代药理学研究的重要对象——其所含的类固醇类前体物质"茄边碱"（solasodine），曾是二十世纪药物化学界提取合成孕激素类药物原料的重要天然来源之一，是原住民传统知识与现代制药工业产生交集的一个例证。

Kangaroo Apple has also been an important subject of modern pharmacological research — its steroidal precursor compound, solasodine, was once an important natural source used in 20th-century pharmaceutical chemistry for synthesizing progestin-type drugs, an example of Aboriginal traditional knowledge intersecting with the modern pharmaceutical industry.

卡卡杜梅（Terminalia ferdinandiana，又称"比利山羊梅"）原产于澳大利亚北部热带地区，是北领地与西澳金伯利地区原住民长期食药兼用的果实。传统上，原住民将果实捣碎制成糊状用于处理伤口感染，树皮煎汁则用于缓解头痛与身体疼痛，果实本身也是重要的传统食物来源。

Kakadu Plum (Terminalia ferdinandiana), also known as billygoat plum, is native to the tropical regions of northern Australia and has long served as both food and medicine for Aboriginal peoples of the Northern Territory and the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Traditionally, the fruit was crushed into a paste to treat infected wounds, while a decoction of the bark was used to relieve headaches and body pain; the fruit itself was also an important traditional food source.

现代营养学研究证实，卡卡杜梅是目前已知维生素C含量最高的天然水果之一，每百克果肉中的维生素C含量可达柑橘类水果的百倍以上，同时富含没食子酸与鞣花酸等多酚类抗氧化成分。多项发表于PMC与ScienceDirect的综述指出，其显著的抗氧化与抗菌活性为传统伤口愈合用法提供了现代科学依据，也使其成为近年来天然护肤与功能性食品领域备受关注的原料。

Modern nutritional research has confirmed that Kakadu Plum is one of the richest known natural sources of vitamin C, with concentrations in the fruit pulp reaching over a hundred times that of citrus fruits, alongside high levels of polyphenolic antioxidants such as gallic and ellagic acid. Several reviews published in PMC and ScienceDirect note that its significant antioxidant and antimicrobial activity provides modern scientific support for the traditional wound-healing use, and it has become a sought-after ingredient in the natural skincare and functional food industries in recent years.

软木树（Duboisia myoporoides）原生于澳大利亚东部沿海雨林边缘地带，是昆士兰与新南威尔士沿岸原住民族群传统药用植物之一。原住民传统上将其叶片碾碎后用于缓解眼部不适与身体疼痛，是丛林药方中少数直接作用于眼部疗法的植物案例。

Corkwood (Duboisia myoporoides) is native to the margins of rainforest along the eastern coast of Australia and has long been used medicinally by Aboriginal peoples of the Queensland and New South Wales coastline. Traditionally, its leaves were crushed and applied to relieve eye discomfort and bodily pain, making it one of the few Bush Medicine plants directly linked to eye treatment.

二十世纪初，西方药理学家从软木树中分离提取出东莨菪碱（scopolamine）等生物碱成分，这一发现使澳大利亚一度成为全球东莨菪碱的重要产地。东莨菪碱后来被广泛用于制作抗晕船晕机药物，并作为眼科手术散瞳剂使用至今，是原住民传统植物知识直接催生现代重要药物的典型例证之一。

In the early 20th century, Western pharmacologists isolated alkaloids such as scopolamine from corkwood, a discovery that once made Australia an important global source of scopolamine. Scopolamine has since been widely used in motion-sickness medication and remains in use today as a pupil-dilating agent in eye surgery — one of the clearest examples of Aboriginal traditional plant knowledge directly giving rise to a major modern pharmaceutical.

柠檬香桃木（Backhousia citriodora）原生于昆士兰东南部亚热带雨林，是当地原住民族群传统上用于治疗腹泻、感冒与头痛的药用植物，其叶片富含浓郁柠檬香气，煎煮后的汤汁也被用作日常保健饮品。

Lemon Myrtle (Backhousia citriodora) is native to the subtropical rainforests of southeastern Queensland, where local Aboriginal groups traditionally used it to treat diarrhoea, colds, and headaches; its strongly lemon-scented leaves were also brewed into a decoction used as a daily health tonic.

现代化学分析显示，柠檬香桃木精油中柠檬醛（citral）含量可达90%以上，是目前已知天然植物中柠檬醛浓度最高的品种之一。多项发表于PMC的研究证实，其精油对多种细菌与真菌具有显著的抗菌活性，已被广泛应用于天然抗菌产品与食品调味领域。

Modern chemical analysis shows that lemon myrtle essential oil can contain over 90% citral, making it one of the highest known natural sources of this compound. Several studies published in PMC have confirmed its essential oil's significant antimicrobial activity against a range of bacteria and fungi, leading to its widespread use in natural antimicrobial products and food flavouring.

沙漠甜瓜（Santalum acuminatum，又称"澳洲檀香桃"）广泛分布于澳大利亚中部与西部干旱内陆地区，是当地原住民族群传统食药兼用的重要植物。原住民传统上将叶片捣碎与唾液混合外敷疮疖与皮肤溃疡，果核磨粉制膏则用于缓解牙龈肿痛，果实本身亦是富含维生素C的重要传统食物来源。

Quandong (Santalum acuminatum), sometimes called the native peach, is widely distributed across the arid interior of central and western Australia, where it has long served local Aboriginal groups as both food and medicine. Traditionally, crushed leaves were mixed with saliva and applied to boils and skin ulcers, while ground kernel paste was used to relieve gum inflammation; the fruit itself was also an important traditional food source rich in vitamin C.

现代植物化学研究显示，沙漠甜瓜果实与种仁中含有丰富的多酚类化合物与不饱和脂肪酸，具有一定的抗氧化与抗菌潜力，其果实也因风味独特、营养价值高，逐渐成为澳大利亚"原生食物"（bush food）产业中较具代表性的商业化物种之一。

Modern phytochemical research has found that quandong fruit and kernels are rich in polyphenolic compounds and unsaturated fatty acids, with notable antioxidant and antimicrobial potential. Owing to its distinctive flavour and high nutritional value, the fruit has gradually become one of the more prominent commercialised species within Australia's native bush food industry.

胡椒灵（Tasmannia lanceolata）原生于澳大利亚东南部及塔斯马尼亚的凉湿森林地区，是当地原住民族群传统上用于治疗牙痛与口腔炎症的药用植物，咀嚼其果实或叶片可产生强烈的辛辣感与轻微麻痹效果，常被用来缓解牙齿疼痛。

Mountain Pepper (Tasmannia lanceolata) is native to the cool, moist forests of southeastern Australia and Tasmania, where local Aboriginal groups traditionally used it to treat toothache and oral inflammation; chewing its berries or leaves produces an intense peppery sensation with a mild numbing effect, often used to relieve dental pain.

现代研究证实，胡椒灵果实与叶片中含有丰富的多酚类化合物与"多聚地亚醛"（polygodial）等辛辣成分，具有显著的抗菌与抗炎活性。近年来，澳大利亚原生食物产业与新兴调味品市场也将其开发为具有本地特色的天然香料，用于替代进口黑胡椒。

Modern research has confirmed that mountain pepper berries and leaves are rich in polyphenolic compounds and pungent constituents such as polygodial, which exhibit significant antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity. In recent years, Australia's native food industry and emerging condiment markets have also developed it as a distinctively local natural spice, used as an alternative to imported black pepper.

老人草（Centipeda cunninghamii）广泛生长于墨累河流域及澳大利亚东南部湿地地区，是原住民族群历史记录超过150年的传统药用植物。原住民传统上将其叶片煎煮成汤汁，用于清洗皮肤感染、缓解关节炎疼痛以及治疗胸部感染、感冒与眼部不适等多种常见病症。

Old Man Weed (Centipeda cunninghamii) grows widely across the Murray River basin and wetland areas of southeastern Australia, and has a documented history of Aboriginal medicinal use spanning more than 150 years. Traditionally, its leaves were boiled into a decoction used to cleanse infected skin, relieve arthritic pain, and treat chest infections, colds, and eye discomfort, among other common ailments.

现代药理学研究显示，老人草含有丰富的黄酮类与萜类化合物，具有显著的抗炎、抗菌与抗氧化活性，多篇学术论文对其"药用植物学"（pharmacognosy）特征进行了系统梳理，为这一延续超过一个半世纪的传统用法提供了现代科学层面的解释。

Modern pharmacological research has found that Old Man Weed contains abundant flavonoid and terpenoid compounds with significant anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant activity. Several academic papers have systematically reviewed its pharmacognosy, providing a modern scientific explanation for a traditional use that has persisted for more than a century and a half.

纸皮树（Melaleuca leucadendra，与茶树同属不同种）以其薄而柔韧、可层层剥离的树皮闻名，是澳大利亚原住民丛林药方中用途最广的植物之一，被称为"丛林绷带"。原住民传统上将剥下的树皮直接用于包扎伤口，兼具透气与轻微抗菌的特性；同时也被用作婴儿睡垫、食物包裹材料，甚至临时住所的屋顶覆盖物。

Paperbark (Melaleuca leucadendra, a relative of the tea tree) is known for its thin, flexible, peelable bark and is one of the most versatile plants in Aboriginal Bush Medicine, often called the "bush bandage." Traditionally, the peeled bark was used directly to dress wounds, offering both breathability and mild antiseptic properties; it was also used as bedding for infants, wrapping material for food, and roofing for temporary shelters.

维多利亚州约塔约塔（Yorta Yorta）族群传承的一套传统"丛林药方急救包"实物，至今由墨尔本大学医学史收藏馆保存，其中即以纸皮树皮卷制而成，印证了这一用法历史悠久且延续至今的实用价值。

A traditional Bush Medicine first aid kit passed down by the Yorta Yorta people of Victoria, preserved today in the University of Melbourne's medical history collection, is wrapped in rolls of paperbark — testament to the long history and continuing practical value of this use.

海马齿（Carpobrotus rossii，因叶片肉质饱满形似猪脸而得名）是澳大利亚南部海岸沙丘地带常见的多肉植物，原住民族群传统上将其叶片捣碎取汁，直接涂抹于蚊虫叮咬、水母蛰伤、烧伤与晒伤处，以舒缓刺痛与灼热感。

Pigface (Carpobrotus rossii, named for its plump, face-like leaves) is a common succulent found along the coastal dunes of southern Australia. Aboriginal groups traditionally crushed its leaves to extract the juice, applying it directly to insect bites, jellyfish stings, burns, and sunburn to soothe the stinging and burning sensation.

现代研究显示，海马齿叶片汁液中含有丰富的黄酮类化合物与粘液质成分，体外实验证实其具有一定的抗菌活性，其舒缓功效与芦荟凝胶的作用机制有相似之处，是原住民日常"急救箱"中最容易获取的天然植物之一。

Modern research shows that pigface leaf juice contains abundant flavonoid compounds and mucilage, with in vitro studies confirming a degree of antimicrobial activity; its soothing effect shares mechanistic similarities with aloe vera gel, making it one of the most readily available natural plants in Aboriginal daily "first aid kits."

山羊蹄藤（Ipomoea pes-caprae，因叶形似山羊蹄而得名）是一种广布于环印度洋—太平洋热带沿岸地区的泛热带海滩藤蔓植物，从东非、南亚、东南亚一直延伸到澎洲昆士兰与新南威尔士北部海岸均有分布。澎洲原住民族群传统上将其叶片捣碎外敷，用于处理黄貂鱼刺伤、水母蛰伤等海洋生物造成的外伤，这一用法与环印度洋沿岸多个原住民与传统社群的记录高度一致。

Goat's Foot Vine (Ipomoea pes-caprae, named for its goat-hoof-shaped leaves) is a pantropical beach vine widely distributed along Indo-Pacific coastlines, ranging from East Africa and South and Southeast Asia to the northern coasts of Queensland and New South Wales in Australia. Aboriginal groups in Australia traditionally crushed its leaves into a poultice to treat injuries from stingray spines and jellyfish stings — a use strikingly consistent with records from traditional communities across the wider Indo-Pacific coastal region.

需要特别说明的是，本页所用图片拍摄于塞舌尔马埃岛，展示的是该物种在其广泛分布范围内的典型形态；因其跨大洲分布且形态高度一致，此图可准确呈现澎洲沿岸所见的同一物种。多篇学术研究（含PubMed收录论文）证实，其叶片提取物对水母毒素具有一定的中和活性，为这一跨文化共通用法提供了现代科学层面的部分解释。

It should be noted that the image used on this page was taken on Mahé Island, Seychelles, showing the species' typical form within its wide distribution range; because this species spans multiple continents with highly consistent morphology, the image accurately represents the same species found along the Australian coastline. Several academic studies, including papers indexed in PubMed, have confirmed that leaf extracts possess a degree of neutralising activity against jellyfish venom, offering a partial modern scientific explanation for this cross-cultural shared practice.

刺山黑果（Carissa lanceolata，又称"丛林梅"）是广泛分布于中澎沙漠地带的多刺灌木，其黑色果实为原住民重要的传统食物来源。除食用价值外，中澎原住民族群传统上将其根部煎煮或捣碎，用于治疗牙痛，也用于处理身体疼痛与炎症。

Conkerberry (Carissa lanceolata, also known as bush plum) is a thorny shrub widely distributed across the Central Australian desert, its dark fruit serving as an important traditional food source for Aboriginal peoples. Beyond its dietary value, Central Australian Aboriginal groups traditionally boiled or crushed its roots as a remedy for toothache, and also used it to treat bodily pain and inflammation.

现代植物化学研究显示，刺山黑果根部含有多种具有抗菌活性的化合物，相关成果发表于多篇同行评审期刊，为其传统止痛用法提供了初步的现代科学依据，也使这一沙漠灌木逐渐进入澎洲原生植物药理学研究的视野。

Modern phytochemical research has found that the roots of conkerberry contain several compounds with antibacterial activity, with findings published in multiple peer-reviewed journals, providing preliminary modern scientific support for its traditional use in pain relief and bringing this desert shrub increasingly into the view of Australian native plant pharmacology research.

蛇藤（Tinospora smilacina）是生长于中澎沙漠地带的木质藤本植物，中澎原住民族群传统上将其藤茎捣碎，用于治疗头痛、类风湿性关节炎及其他炎症相关的身体疼痛，是丛林药方中记录较为完整的止痛类植物之一。

Snake Vine (Tinospora smilacina) is a woody vine found in the Central Australian desert. Central Australian Aboriginal groups traditionally crushed sections of its stem to treat headaches, rheumatoid arthritis, and other inflammation-related bodily pain, making it one of the more thoroughly documented pain-relief plants in Bush Medicine.

澎洲权威科普媒体Australian Geographic将蛇藤列入其"十大原住民丛林药方"榜单，麻醉学专业期刊《Anaesthesia and Intensive Care》亦曾专文讨论毕图里（Pituri）与蛇藤等澎洲原住民传统止痛植物的药理机制，为这一延续已久的传统用法提供了跨学科的现代观察视角。

Australian Geographic, a leading Australian science media outlet, has included snake vine in its list of the "Top 10 Aboriginal bush medicines," and the specialist journal Anaesthesia and Intensive Care has published a dedicated discussion of the pharmacological mechanisms underlying Pituri, snake vine, and other traditional Aboriginal pain-relief plants — offering an interdisciplinary modern perspective on this long-standing traditional practice.